Cracked teeth are more common than you might think. Whether you’ve noticed a sudden sharp pain while chewing or found yourself wincing at the thought of biting into an ice cube, it’s likely that tooth cracks could be to blame. But what exactly causes our teeth to crack, and how can we prevent it? Let’s dive into the world of tooth fractures, their causes, and how to keep your smile intact. Taking steps to prevent cracked teeth is crucial for maintaining overall dental health.
The Anatomy of a Tooth: More Than Just Enamel
To understand what causes teeth to crack, it’s essential first to understand the structure of a tooth. Each tooth comprises several layers: the hard outer enamel, the dentin underneath, and the inner pulp, where the nerve and blood vessels reside. The enamel is the hardest substance in the human body, but it’s not invincible. Despite its strength, tooth enamel can crack under certain conditions, leading to a host of dental issues.
Tooth Enamel: The First Line of Defence
Enamel is tough, but it’s not impervious to damage. It acts as a shield, protecting the inner layers of your teeth from harmful bacteria, extreme temperatures, and the everyday strain from chewing. However, when only the outer enamel is compromised, the risk of tooth fractures increases. The most common causes of enamel damage include:
- Biting on hard objects like ice cubes, popcorn kernels, or hard candy can cause cracks, chips, or even breakage.
- Exposure to extreme temperatures — rapidly switching between hot and cold foods or beverages can stress the enamel, leading to tiny cracks.
- Teeth grinding (bruxism) can wear down enamel over time, weakening the tooth structure and making it more susceptible to fractures.
- Accidental trauma or injuries, such as those sustained while playing contact sports, can cause sudden impact to the teeth, resulting in cracks or chips.
Cracks and Fractures: The Many Faces of a Cracked Tooth
Cracked teeth can present in many forms, each with varying degrees of severity. Let’s explore some common types of tooth cracks and what they mean for your dental health.
Craze Lines: The Tiny Cracks on the Surface
Craze lines are superficial cracks that affect only the outer enamel. They are common in adult teeth and are typically harmless. These hairline cracks don’t cause pain or require treatment, but they can be more noticeable with age or due to staining from coffee, tea, or tobacco.
Fractured Cusp: A Piece of the Tooth Breaks Off
A fractured cusp usually occurs around a filling. This type of crack does not affect the pulp or cause much pain. However, it can make the tooth more vulnerable to decay and further damage. Dental treatments for a fractured cusp may include a crown to restore the tooth’s shape and function.
Cracked Tooth: A Crack That Extends Beyond the Enamel
When a crack runs from the biting surface of a tooth downwards toward the root, it is termed a cracked tooth. This type of fracture can involve multiple layers of the tooth and may even extend below the gum line. Symptoms include erratic pain when chewing, sensitivity to temperature changes, and discomfort that comes and goes. Prompt detection and intervention are critical to prevent the crack from worsening and possibly leading to a split tooth.
Vertical Root Fracture: A Crack Starting from the Root
Vertical root fractures are cracks that start at the root and extend toward the chewing surface. These are less common but can be severe, often resulting in the need for extraction if not promptly treated. Root fractures are typically caused by trauma, such as biting on a hard object or due to large fillings that weaken the tooth structure.
Split Tooth: A Crack That Splits the Tooth in Two
A split tooth is a severe form of cracked tooth in which the crack has extended from the surface down into the root, effectively splitting the tooth into two distinct segments. This condition often results in the tooth’s loss, as the damage is too extensive to repair.
Common Culprits: What Causes Teeth to Crack?
Understanding what causes teeth to crack can help you avoid behaviours and conditions that might put your teeth at risk. Here are some of the most common causes:
Biting on Hard Foods and Objects
Consuming hard foods such as popcorn kernels, nuts, or hard candy can result in cracked teeth. Likewise, biting on non-food items like pens or ice can lead to chipped teeth or fractures. It’s crucial to be aware of what you place in your mouth and refrain from using your teeth as tools.
Teeth Grinding and Clenching
Teeth grinding, or bruxism is a frequent habit that can erode enamel and result in tooth cracks. Many people grind their teeth at night without realising it, which can put immense pressure on the teeth, resulting in cracks or chips.
Injuries and Accidents
Playing sports or experiencing a fall can result in dental injuries that cause teeth to crack. To protect your teeth from injury, always use a mouthguard when participating in contact sports.
Large Fillings or Dental Work
Teeth undergoing extensive dental treatments, such as large fillings or crowns, may be weaker and more prone to cracking. These treatments can alter the tooth structure, making it more susceptible to fractures.
Health Conditions
Certain health conditions, such as osteoporosis, can weaken bones, including the jawbone that supports your teeth. This can raise the risk of tooth fractures. Similarly, any condition that affects the strength of your enamel, like acid reflux or eating disorders, can make teeth more prone to cracking.
Symptoms of a Cracked Tooth: How to Recognise the Signs
Not all cracked teeth cause immediate symptoms. Some cracks are so tiny that they only become apparent through a dental examination. However, when symptoms do occur, they can include:
- Intense pain during biting or chewing, particularly noticeable when releasing the bite.
- Sensitivity to temperature changes, such as when eating hot or cold foods.
- Intermittent pain that comes and goes, particularly in response to biting pressure.
- Inflammation around the gum line close to the affected tooth.
- Rough edges or uneven surfaces on the tooth that you can feel with your tongue.
If you experience any of these symptoms, you must visit your dentist regularly for an evaluation. Early diagnosis can prevent further damage and save the tooth.
Treatment Options: How to Address a Cracked Tooth
The approach to treating a cracked tooth varies based on the type and severity of the crack. Here are some typical treatment options:
Dental Bonding or Filling
Dental bonding or a filling may be acceptable for minor cracks, such as craze lines or small chips. This involves applying a tooth-coloured resin to the cracked area to restore the tooth’s appearance and function.
Dental Crowns
A crown is often the best solution for more significant cracks that don’t extend below the gum line. Crowns cover the entire tooth, offering reinforcement and protection against additional damage. They are particularly useful for fractured cusps and cracked teeth.
Root Canal Treatment
If a crack has extended into the pulp, root canal treatment may be necessary. The dentist will remove the damaged pulp and thoroughly clean the root canal, then seal it to prevent infection. This process can preserve a tooth that might otherwise need to be extracted.
Extraction
In cases where the crack reaches below the gum line or splits the tooth, extraction may be the only viable option. Removing the damaged tooth can prevent further complications, such as infection or bone loss in the jaw.
Preventing Cracked Teeth: How to Protect Your Smile
While not all cracked teeth are preventable, there are several steps you can take to minimise your risk:
Avoid hard foods and objects that could damage your teeth. Be mindful of what you eat, and avoid using your teeth to open packages or bite down on hard items.- Wear a mouthguard if you grind your teeth at night or play contact sports. This can protect your teeth from the pressure of grinding and the impact of sports injuries.
- Maintain good oral health by brushing and flossing regularly and visiting your dentist for routine check-ups. Early detection of tooth decay or damage can prevent more serious problems down the line.
- Address health conditions that may affect your teeth, such as acid reflux or eating disorders. Managing these conditions can help maintain the strength of your enamel and prevent cracks.
Avoid hard foods and objects that could damage your teeth. Be mindful of what you eat, and avoid using your teeth to open packages or bite down on hard items.Conclusion: A Crack in the Armour—But Not the End of the World
Cracked teeth can cause discomfort and worry, but with prompt attention and the right treatment plan, most cracked teeth can be repaired or managed effectively. Remember, your best defence against tooth cracks is prevention—by taking care of your teeth, being mindful of your habits, and seeing your dentist regularly, you can keep your smile strong and healthy for years to come.
For emergency dental assistance, contact us for a consultation at (08) 7078 8263.
Note: Any surgical or invasive procedure carries risks. Before proceeding, you should seek a second opinion from an appropriately qualified health practitioner.
References:
Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Fractured tooth (cracked tooth). Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21628-fractured-tooth-cracked-tooth
Mayo Clinic. (n.d.). Cavities: Diagnosis and treatment. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cavities/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352898#:~:text=Your%20dentist%20usually%20can%20detect,to%20check%20for%20soft%20areas.
Nationwide Children’s. (n.d.). Mouth guards in sports: A necessary piece of equipment. Retrieved from https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/specialties/sports-medicine/sports-medicine-articles/mouth-guards-in-sports-a-necessary-piece-of-equipment
WebMD. (n.d.). Teeth grinding (bruxism). Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/teeth-grinding-bruxism